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ABS Pipe: Plastic (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) pipe used for water distribution, drain, waste, and vent.
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Annular Space Requirements Per NFPA Std. #13: In section 4-5.4.3.4, it requires that sprinkler pipes in seismic areas, have a minimum annular space of 1-inch for pipes 1" through 3-1/2" and 2- inches for pipes 4" and larger. Exceptions to this standard do exist. Please consult NFPA Standard #13 for details.
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Approved Methods: A term used to refer to the through-penetration firestop systems that have been tested and meet test criteria of ASTM E 814 by an independent, recognized laboratory. Additionally, an authority having jurisdiction may also make specific product evaluation and determine compliance with appropriate standards. Products alone are not tested systems/approved firestop methods unless tested to ASTM E 814 and classified for use in the specific application.
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Assembly Rating: The rating, in hours, for a wall or floor assembly’s ability to prevent the passage of heat or hot gases and to limit a temperature rise to not more than 250°F (120°C) on average or 325°F (160°C) at any one point.
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ASTM E 119: Fire test method, “Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials,” conducted to evaluate the ability of a fire-resistive floor or wall assembly to perform its barrier function, resisting the passage of heat, flames, hot gases, and smoke in a fire situation.
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ASTM E 136: Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750°C. This test evaluates the ability of a material to be considered as non-burning. Weight loss of the test sample and heat rise due to the flammable content of the sample are key criteria. It is not a fire resistance test. This standard is inappropriate for inclusion in fire stopping specifications because it favors inorganic, generally rigid or brittle materials.
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ASTM E 84: “Surface Burning Characteristics of Building Materials” or ASTM E 84 usually refers to the flame spread or smoke developed characteristics of a product (i.e. wallpaper, coatings, carpet, etc.). NOTE: ASTM E 84 is not the same as ASTM E 814, “Fire Tests of Through Penetration Firestops.”
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ASTM E 814: “Fire Tests of Through Penetration Firestops” or ASTM E 814 is the complementary test to ASTM E 119 that evaluates penetrations through a tested, fire-resistive (ASTM E 119 tested) wall or floor assembly. The test involves a standard time-temperature curve, a hose stream test and assigns ratings based on “T” (temperature rise) and “F” (flame occurrence through the firestop/penetration). The objective of specifying this type of system is to return the floor or wall to the compartment's original fire rating. An “L” (air leakage) rating can also be assigned. Air leakage simulates smoke movement through a penetration, measured in cubic feet per minute for authorities having jurisdiction to make judgments.
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Authority Having Jurisdiction: The final authority who writes the "Certificate of Occupancy Permit” in a municipality. This can be the building code official/inspector or fire inspector. Since each municipality is different, the “authority having jurisdiction” may also be different from town to town. Check with local officials to verify who has final jurisdiction. Industrial facilities and hospitals may have other “jurisdictions.”
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A-Weighted Sound Level: A measure of sound pressure level designed to reflect the response of the human ear, which does not respond equally to all frequencies. To describe sound in a manner representative of the human ear’s response it is necessary to reduce the effects of the low and high frequencies with respect to the medium frequencies. The resultant sound level is said to be A-weighted, and the units are dBA. The A-weighted sound level is also called the noise level. Sound level meters have an A-weighting network for measuring A-weighted sound levels.
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Backing Material (Forming Material, Packing Material) : Material used in firestop systems (e.g. mineral wool, backer rod, CF 128 foam) to set the depth and provide support for the fill, void cavity material.
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Building Codes: Model building codes are adopted by each municipality from the major code organizations. The major code authorities are BOCA (Building Officials and Code Administrators) primarily in the Midwest, ICBO (International Council of Building Code Officials) in the West and Indiana, and SBCCI (Southern Building Code Congress, International) in the South. The local municipality or state can choose which major building code is adopted, or can adapt its own.
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Burn Patterns: The characteristic configuration of char left by fire. Burn patterns are influenced by wind direction, length of exposure, and type of fuel. They can be used to trace a fire’s origin. (Also called fire tracks).
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Ceramic Fiber: High temperature man made fiber (45% alumina, 53% silica) used as insulating material where high service temperatures are required. Design service use 2300 deg. F (1260 deg. C) melting 3200 deg. F (1760 deg. C) available in 4, 6 and 8 pcf density batts/blankets. Some times used instead of mineral wool for 3 and 4-hour systems.
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Closed Piping System: Piping system which is completely enclosed, usually carrying fluids under pressure. Examples: hot/cold water distribution, sprinkler piping, chilled water supply and return.
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Construction Joint: 1.A joint where two successive placements of concrete meet. 2. A separation provided in a building which allows its component parts to move with respect to each other. The cause of such movement may be thermal, seismic, or wind loading.
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Cure: in sealants, the process by which a compound attains its intended properties through evaporation, chemical reaction, heat, radiation, or a combination
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Decibel (dB) : A dimensionless unit which denotes the ratio between two quantities that are proportional to power, energy or intensity. One of these quantities is a designated reference by which all other quantities of identical units are divided. The sound pressure level in decibels is equal to 10 times the logarithm (to the base 10) of the ratio between the pressure squared divided by the reference pressure squared. The reference pressure used in acoustics is 20 microPascals.
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Draft Stop: A material, device or construction installed to restrict the movement of air within open spaces of concealed areas of building components such as crawl spaces, floor- ceiling assemblies, and roof-ceiling assemblies and attics.
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Draftstopping: Building materials installed to prevent the movement of air, smoke, gases and flame to other areas of the building through large concealed passages, such as attic spaces and floor assemblies with suspended ceilings or open web trusses.
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DWV: Acronym for Drain, Waste, and Vent. Also referred to as an open system. The pipe is empty, not pressurized. Pipes that are used in plumbing applications.
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Engineering Judgments: To meet actual field conditions, manufacturers may need to make a recommendation based on available testing that seems to approximate the condition encountered. Testing laboratories should verify judgments by manufacturers for validity. Some jurisdictions only allow judgments if there is no tested system available for the condition.
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Fill, Void or Cavity Material: A firestop material (e.g. sealant, putty, mastic, etc.)
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Fire Barrier: A continuous membrane, either vertical or horizontal, such as a wall or floor assembly that is designed and constructed with a specified fire resistance rating to limit the spread of fire and restrict the movement of smoke.
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Fire Compartment: A space, within a building, that is enclosed by fire barriers on all sides, including the top and bottom.
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Fire Damper: A device, installed in an air distribution system, designed to close automatically upon detection of heat, to interrupt migratory airflow, and to restrict the passage of flame. A combination fire and smoke damper meets the requirement of both.
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Fire Door Assembly: Any combination of a fire door, frame, hardware, and other accessories that together provide a specific degree of fire protection to the opening.
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Fire Separation Distance: The distance in feet measured from the building face to the closest interior lot line, to the centerline of a street, alley or public way, or to an imaginary line between two buildings on the property.
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Fire Wall: 1. A wall constructed of solid masonry units, faced on each side with brick or reinforced concrete, used to subdivide a building or separate buildings, to restrict the spread of fire. 2. A wall with adequate fire resistance used to subdivide buildings to restrict the spread of fire.
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Fire-Resistive Joint System – is an assemblage of specific material or products that are designed, tested and fire-resistive in accordance with UL 2079 to resist, for a prescribed period of time, the passage of fire through points made in or between fire resistance-rated assemblies.
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Fire-Retardant Barrier: A layer of material, which, when secured to a combustible material or otherwise interposed between the material and a potential fire source, delays ignition and combustion of the material when the barrier is exposed to fire.
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Fire-Retardant Chemical: A chemical, which, when added to a combustible material, delays ignition and combustion of the resulting material when exposed to fire.
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Firestop: a through-penetration firestop is a specific construction consisting of all materials that fill the opening around penetrating items such as cables, cable trays, conduits, ducts, and pipes and their means of support through the wall or floor to prevent the spread of fire. (ASTM)
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Firestop System: A specific construction consisting of a fire rated assembly (wall or floor), penetrating item(s) (pipe, cable, etc.), and materials (sealant, backing material, etc.) that fill the opening around penetrating item(s) to prevent the spread of fire beyond the assembly for a specified period of time.
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Flame: A hot, usually luminous zone of gas, or particulate matter in gaseous suspension, or both, that is undergoing combustion.
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Flanking: The transmission of sound around the perimeter or through holes within partitions (or barriers) that reduces the otherwise obtainable sound transmission loss of a partition. Examples of flanking paths within buildings are ceiling plena above partitions; ductwork, piping, and electrical conduit penetrations through partitions; back-to-back electrical boxes within partitions, window mullions, etc.
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Forming Materials: Materials used under or beside a firestop system to either hold the system in place during application, improve fire resistance, or both. Mineral wool, ceramic fiber and other materials are used. Consult the manufacturer’s specific tested system data for type, thickness and density of material allowed.
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Hearing Impairment: A degree of hearing loss, temporary or permanent, due to many causes. Hearing loss can be caused by illness, disease, or exposure to excessively high noise levels. Affects 25 – 50 million people in USA of all ages. Hearing impairment as generally used means a hearing loss of mild, moderate or severe degree as opposed to “deafness” which is generally described as little or no residual hearing with or without the aid of an assistive listening device. Hearing impaired persons are particularly adversely affected by long reverberation times.
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Hose Stream Test: Part of the acceptance criteria of ASTM E119, ASTM E814, CAN4 S115, UL 2079. After the test assembly has passed the furnace burn, a steady stream of water is directed onto the fire exposed side of the assembly through a 2 ½” hose. Water is not permitted to pass through the firestop fill material to the unexposed side. The integrity of the unexposed side must remain intact.
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Intumesce: To swell, enlarge, inflate, or expand with heat. Intumescent firestopping sealants swell when exposed to the intense heat of fire to close gaps or voids in through-penetration openings.
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Intumescence: A characteristic of certain fire barrier products that, when exposed to heat, expands to fill a void in the penetration caused by the deformation or combustion of the through penetrating item. When exposed to heat, intumescent materials expand at various rates to form a hard char to seal voids and provide hourly rated protection.
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Intumescent: A material that swells or expands when exposed to direct flame or high heat (300° F, 150°C). Produced for firestopping materials in several forms; caulks, pipe collars, wrap strips, sticks and pads. Most common usage is to close gaps and voids when plastic pipe has melted.
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Joint or Gap: The linear opening in or between adjacent fire-resistance rated assemblies that is designed to allow independent movement of the building, in any plane, caused by thermal, seismic, wind loading or any other loading.
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L Rating: An optional test performed to determine the amount of air leakage through a firestop system (in cubic feet per minute per square foot of opening) Tested in conjunction with UL 1479, ULC S115-M95, ASTM E 814 or UL 2079.
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Lightweight Aggregate Concrete: Concrete made with aggregates of expanded clay, shale, slag or sintered slate or fly ash, and weighing 85 to 115 pcf.
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Listed System Design: An informational listing by an Accredited Testing Agency developed from manufacture reports depicting the correct use and installation of firestop materials. These published listings contain drawings depicting geometry, minimum/maximum dimensions for all the individual components tested including penetration item types and size, annular space, insulating materials used, substrate types and thickness, sealant types and thickness, etc.
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Membrane Penetration Firestop: A material, device or construction installed to resist, for a prescribed period of time when tested in accordance with appropriate test standard. The passage of flame and heat through openings in a protective membrane in order to accommodate cables, cable trays, conduit, tubing, pipes or similar items.
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Mineral Wool or Rock Wool: A fire-resistant fibrous material used as a insulation and filler material in a firestop system, capable of withstanding temperatures of 1832 deg. F (1000 deg. C) Supplied in loose and blanket board form. The most popular used for firestopping is 4 and 6-lb batts, 24” x 48” (8-lb is fairly rigid and is usually used in larger construction joints).
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MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheet - describes the properties, health effects, hazards, handling, and disposal of a material
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NFPA: National Fire Protection Association, based in Quincy, Mass., author of “The Life Safety Code.”
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Noise Reduction Coefficient (NRC): The NRC of an acoustical material is the arithmetic average to the nearest multiple of 0.05 of its absorption coefficients at 4 one-third octave bands with center frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, 2000 Hertz. The NRC rating can be viewed as a percentage (example: .80 = 80%) of what soundwaves that come in contact with the acoustical material are absorbed by the material and NOT reflected back within the room.
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Nonvented: Piping systems that do not allow the free passage of air, e.g., hot and cold water supply pipes, electrical conduits. Also referred to as closed.
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